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Books and Magazines Nov 11, 2007 06:41:47
Books and Magazines, Library, Author, Fiction, Non-Fiction, Text Books, Weekly, Monthly, Annual, |
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Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt around 1800 BC. At first, the words were not separated from each other (scripta continua) and there was no punctuation. Texts were written from right to left, left to right, and even so that alternate lines read in opposite directions. The first evidence of papyrus for writing was about 2400 BC and scrolls were the dominant form of book in the Hellenistic, Roman, Chinese and Hebrew cultures.
The more modern codex book format took over in the Roman world by late antiquity, but the scroll format persisted much longer in Asia. The change happened gradually during the 3rd and 4th centuries. The reasons for adopting the codex book form are several: the format is more economical, as both sides of the writing material can be used; and it is portable, searchable, and easy to conceal.
Before the invention of the printing press, almost all books were copied by hand, making books expensive and comparatively rare. Smaller monasteries usually had only some dozen books. By the 9th century, larger collections held around 500 volumes; by the end of the Middle Ages, the papal library in Avignon and Paris library of Sorbonne held only around 2,000 volumes. Irish monks introduced spacing between words in the 7th century. This facilitated reading, as these monks tended to be less familiar with Latin. However the use of spaces between words did not become commonplace before the 12th century.
In woodblock printing, a relief image of an entire page was carved into blocks of wood, inked, and used to print copies of that page. This method originated in China, in the Han dynasty (before 220AD), as a method of printing on textiles and later paper, and was widely used throughout East Asia. The oldest dated book printed by this method is The Diamond Sutra (868 AD). Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce, and more widely available. Steam-powered printing presses became popular in the early 1800s. These machines could print 1,100 sheets per hour, but workers could only set 2,000 letters per hour. Steam-powered printing presses became popular in the early 1800s. These machines could print 1,100 sheets per hour, but workers could only set 2,000 letters per hour. Monotype and linotype presses were introduced in the late 19th century. They could set more than 6,000 letters per hour and an entire line of
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